ANSI: American National Standard Institute.
ISO: International Standards Organization.
History
of ANSI C.
C: C is a programming language, it’s used to communication with
computer.
Developer of C: C is developed by Danish Ritchie.
·
C is portable, efficient and fast and flexible.
·
Stdio.h: It look for the stdio.h file and
efficiently copy-pastes it in the place of this #include statements.
This file contains so called functions proto types of functions such as printf(),
scanf(),… so that compiler known’s what are their parameters and
return value.
·
Stdio.h
meaning: Standard Input/Output and h is
header.
·
Conio.h: It is a C header file used mostly by MS-DOS compilers
to provide console input/output. It is not part of C standard
library or ISO C, nor is it defined by POSIX.
·
conio.h
meaning:
Characteristics.
1) Portable: C
program written for one computer can run one any other computer with little
modification.
2) Structured programming language: includes functions & blocks modules structure.
3) Efficient & Fast: This
is because of variety of data types & operators.
4) Another Important Feature: is its quality to extend itself C Program is
a collection of functions &we can add our functions as per-requirements.
·
Two types of functions.
i) User
defined: created by uses.
ii) Library:
Inbuilt in system.
·
Structure of C
Programming with example.
i)
Basic syntax for writing C
Program.
Documentation section
|
Optional
|
Link section
|
Compulsory
|
Definition section
|
Optional
|
Global declaration section
|
Optional
|
Main() function section
|
Compulsory
|
{
|
|
Declaration part
|
|
Executable part
|
|
}
|
|
Subprogram Section
|
Optional
|
(Depends on program)
User define functions
|
|
Function-1
|
|
Function-2
|
|
……………..
|
|
Function N
|
Procedure to create C Program.
1) Install Turbo
C
2) Open Turbo
C
3) New
File
4) Write
a program & press F2 or Save
5) Compile
to press Compiler or Alt+F9
6) Run
or press Ctrl+F9
Execution of C Program.
Steps of execution.
1) Creating
the program
2) Compiling
the program
3) Linking
the program
4) Run(execute)
the program
An operating executes the program it
is a program that controls the entire operation of a computer system. All
outputs are connected with OS.
A programming language is used to …
i) A
programming language is used to help the processing of some types of data
(character, numbers & strings) to generate output, which is known as program.
ii) The
processing of data is done using certain instruction set which is known as
program.
iii) These
instruction are created using certain symbols & words according some rigid
rules known as syntax rules.
Character Set.
1) The
characters can be used to generate numbers, words & expressions depend on
the computer on which it Runs.
2) The
character set is different for computers, minicomps, microcomps, etc.
3) The
characters in C are grouped of
§ Letters
§ Digits
§ Special Characters
§ White Space
4) White
space is ignored by compiler during execution.
5) White
space is allowed during use of string.
Trigraph Sequence .
i) Some
non English keyboards do not support some characters.
ii) If
we want to enter certain characters that can not available on keyboard
they Trigraph Sequence is used.
iii) Syntax
for Trigraph Sequence is
·
First two question mark
·
Third is character
iv) For
Example if # is not available on keyboard, we can enter it using Trigraph of
??=
-# number sign
Other examples
??=
|
#
|
Sign
|
??(
|
[
|
Brackets
|
??)
|
]
|
Right Bracket
|
??<
|
{
|
Left Brace
|
??>
|
}
|
Right Brace
|
??!
|
|
|
Vertical Bar
|
??/
|
\
|
Back Slash
|
??-
|
~
|
Tidle
|
Character Set and it’s Types.
I. Letters
II. Digits
III. Special
Character
IV. White
Space
1) Letters
I. Upper
Case A…..Z
II. Lower
Case a……z
2) Digits
i) All
digits 0…….9
3) Special character
, Comma
&
Ampersand
. Period
^
Caret
; Semicolon
* Asterisk
: Colon
- Minus
Sign
? Question Mark
+
Plus Sign
‘ Apostrophe
< Opening Angle Bracket or Less Than Sign
> Closing Angle Bracket or Greater Than Sign
“ Quotation Mark
! Exclamation Mark
( Left Parenthesis
) Right Parenthesis
| Vertical Bar
/ Slash
[ Left Bracket
] Right Bracket
~ Tilde
_ Under Score
{ Left Brace
} Right Brace
$ Dollar Sign
% Percentage Sign
# Number Sign
|
4) White Space
·
Horizontal Tab
·
Carriage Return
·
New Line
·
Form Feed
·
Blank Space
Variables.
1) Variable
is used to store data values.
2) It’s
value can change throughout program.
Rules for variable Names
1) It
begins with letter or underscore.
2) Space
is not allowed.
3) It
should not be keyword.
4) Length
is up to 31 characters.
Syntax:
Data type V1,V2,…Vn;
Declaration of variable:
Int a;
It tells compiles about
1) Name
of variable.
2) Which
type of data it holds.
Format of C Programs.
The main function.
·
Main()
·
Int main()
·
Void
main()
·
Main(void)
·
Int
main(void)
BASIC STRUCTURE OF C PROGRAM.
Documentation section
|
Link section
|
Definition section
|
Global declaration section
|
Main() function section
|
{
|
Declaration part
|
Executable part
|
}
|
Subprogram
|
Function-1
|
Function-2
|
……………..
|
Function N
|
Size and ranger of basic data types on 16-bit machines.
Data
Type
|
Range
of Values
|
Char
Int
Float
Double
|
-128 to 127
-32,768 to 32,767
3.4e-38 to 3.4e+38
1.7e-308 to 1.7e+308
|
1. Integer types
·
Short int
·
Int
·
Long int
2. Floating point type
·
Float
·
Double
·
Long double
Introduction to Flowchart.
‘C’ Program and C programs coding
·
Write a program to print “Hello World”.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
Main()
{
Clrscr();
Printf(“Hello World”);
Getch();
}
·
Write a program to demonstrate the use of printf and scanf statement to
read and print values of variable of different data types.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main();
{
int a;
float b;
char c;
printf(“Enter the value of integer: “);
scanf(“%d”,&a);
printf(“Enter the value of character: “);
scanf(“%c”,&b);
printf(“Enter the value of float: “);
scanf(“%f”,&c);
getch();
}
·
Write a program to read two numbers from key board and
print the addition, subtraction and multiplication.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
Main();
{
Int a,b,c;
Clrscr();
Printf(“Enter the value of A: “);
Scanf(“%d”,&a);
Printf(“Enter the value of B: “);
Scanf(“%d”,&b);
C=a+b;
Printf(“Addition of %d and %d is %d”,a,b,c);
C=a-b;
Printf(“Subtraction of %d and %d is %d”,a,b,c);
C=a*b;
Printf(“Multiplication of %d and %d is %d”,a,b,c);
Getch();
}
·
Write a program to find area of circle.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define PI 3.14
Main();
{
Int r;
Float area;
Clrscr();
Printf(“Enter the radius of circle: “);
Scanf(“%d”,&r);
area=PI*r*r;
printf(“\nArea of circle is %f”,area);
getch();
}
·
Write a program to swap two numbers without using
third variable.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int num1,num2;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the vale of First Number: ");
scanf("%d",& num1);
printf("Enter the vale of Second Number: ");
scanf("%d",& num2);
num1=num1+num2;
num2=num1-num2;
num1=num1-num2;
printf("\n\nFirst Number After Swap: %d",num1);
printf("\nSecond Number After Swap: %d",num2);
getch();
}
·
Write a program to find the minimum out of 3 numbers.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int a,b,c;
clrscr();
printf("Enter first number: ");
scanf("%d",&a);
printf("Enter second number: ");
scanf("%d",&b);
printf("Enter third number: ");
scanf("%d",&c);
if (a<b && a<c)
{
printf("\nFirst number is minimum.",a);
}
else if (b<a && b<c)
{
printf("\nSecond number is minimum.",b);
}
else
printf("\nThird number is minimum.");
getch();
}
·
Write a program to perform shift left and shift right,
bitwise AND, OR and XOR operator on given 2 numbers.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the value of Num1: ");
scanf("%d",&a);
printf("\nEnter the value of Num2: ");
scanf("%d",&b);
printf("\n Shift right by one: %d",a>>1);
printf("\n Shift left by one; %d",a<<1);
printf("\n Num1 AND Num2 is %d",a&b);
printf("\n Num1 OR Num2 is %d",a|b);
printf("\n Num1 XOR Num2 is %d",a^b);
getch();
}
·
Write a program to demonstrate the use of assignment
operator on given 2numbers. (+=, -=, /=, *=, %=).
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a,c;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the value of A: ");
scanf("%d",&a);
printf("\nEnter the vale of C: ");
scanf("%d",&c);
c+=a;
printf("\nAddition is c=%d\n",c);
c-=a;
printf("Subtraction is c=%d\n",c);
c*=a;
printf("Multiplication is c=%d\n",c);
c/=a;
printf("Division is c=%d\n",c);
c%=a;
printf("Modulas is c=%d",c);
getch();
}
·
Write a program to illustrate the declaration and the
access of enumerated data type.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
enum months {Jan=1,Feb,Mar,Apr,May,Jun,July,Aug,Sep,Oct,Nov,Dec};
enum months month;
clrscr();
printf("Month March is ");
printf("%d",month=Mar);
getch();
}
·
Write a program to Determine whether the person is
eligible for voting or not.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int age;
clrscr();
printf("Enter your age:");
scanf("%d",&age);
if(age>=18)
{
printf("You are eligible to vot");
}
else
{
printf("You are not eligible to vot");
}
getch();
}
·
Write a program to whether the given year is leap year
or not.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int year;
clrscr();
printf("Enter a year: ");
scanf("%d",&year);
if(year%100==0)
{
printf("%d is not leap year.",year);
}
else if(year%4==0)
{
printf("%d is leap year.",year);
}
else if(year%400==0)
{
printf("%d is leap year.",year);
}
else
printf("%d is not leap year.",year);
getch();
}
·
Write a program to Check whether given number is
positive, negative or zero.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the number: ");
scanf("%d",&a);
if(a>0)
{
printf("%d number is positive.",a);
}
else if(a<0)
{
printf("%d number is negative.",a);
}
else
printf("%d number is zero.",a);
getch();
}
·
Write a program to find the largest number out of 3
without using nested if.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
Main()
{
Int a,b,c;
Clrscr();
Printf(“Enter the value of A: “);
Scanf(“%d”,&a);
Printf(“Enter the value of B: “);
Scanf(“%d”,&b);
Printf(“Enter the value of C: “);
Scanf(“%d”,&c);
If (a>b && a>c)
{
Printf(“%d is Largest Value.”,a);
}
Else if (b>a && b>c)
{
Printf(“%d is Largest Value.”,b);
}
Else
Printf(“%d is Largest Value.”,c);
Getch();
}
·
Write a program to find whether the given number is
prime or not.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int n,i,c=0;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the number: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for (i=1;i<=1;i++)
{
if (n%2==0)
{
printf("\n%d is prime number.",n);
c++;
break;
}
else
printf("\n%d is not prime number.",n);
}
getch();
}
·
Write a program to demonstrate the use of switch
statement without the break statement.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i;
clrscr();
printf("Enter any one No. in 1 to 5: ");
scanf("%d",&i);
switch(i)
{
case 1:
printf("Case 1");
case 2:
printf("Case 2");
case 3:
printf("Case 3");
case 4:
printf("Case 4");
default:
printf("Default");
}
getch();
}
·
Write a program to make calculator using switch.
/* Source code to create a simple calculator for
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division using switch...case
statement in C programming. */
# include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
int main()
{
char o;
float num1,num2;
clrscr();
printf("Enter operator either \n'+' Addition or \n'-' Substraction or
\n'*' Multiplication or \n'/' Division : ");
scanf("%c",&o);
printf("Enter First operands: ");
scanf("%f,&num1);
printf("Enter Second operands: ");
scanf("%f,&num2);
switch(o)
{
case '+':
printf("Addition of %.1f and %.1f is %.1f",num1, num2, num1+num2);
break;
case '-':
printf("Substraction of %.1f and %.1f is %.1f",num1, num2, num1-num2);
break;
case '*':
printf("Multiplication of %.1f and %.1f is %.1f",num1, num2, num1*num2);
break;
case '/':
printf("Division of %.1f and %.1f is %.1f",num1, num2, num1/num2);
break;
default:
printf("Error! Operator is not correct"); // If
operator is other than +, -, * or /, error message is shown //
break;
}
getch();
}
·
Write a program to determine whether an entered
character is vowel or not.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
char a;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the charactor: ");
scanf("%c",&a);
if (a=='a' || a=='e' || a=='i' ||
a=='o' || a=='u')
{
printf("\n\nCharactor %c is vowel.",a);
}
else
printf("\n\nCharactor %c is consonant.",a);
getch();
}
·
Write a program to find a Factorial of given number.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
int c,n,fact=1;
clrscr();
printf("Enter a number to calculate it's factor: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for (c=1;c<=n;c++)
{
fact*= c;
printf("\nFactorial of %d = %d",n,fact);
}
getch();
}
·
Write a program to print Fibonacci series. 1, 1, 2, 3,
5, ...... N using Do-while loop.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int a,b,c,n,i;
clrscr();
a=0;
b=1;
i=3;
printf("Enter the number of terms: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\n %d \n %d",a,b);
do
{
c=a+b;
printf("\n %d",c);
a=b;
b=c;
i=i+1;
}
while (i<=n);
getch();
}
·
Write a program to print the following Patterns.
*
**
***
****
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int n,i,j;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the number of rows: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
for (i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
for (j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
printf("*");
}
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}
·
Write a program to print the following Patterns.
1
2 3 4 5
2
3 4 5
3
4 5
4
5
5
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int i,j,n=0;
clrscr();
for (i=6;i>1;i--)
{
for (j=1;j<i;j++)
{
printf("%d",j+n);
}
n++;
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}
·
Write a program to print the following Patterns.
1
0 1
1 0 1
0 1 0 1
|
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,j,s;
clrscr();
for (i=1;i<=5;i++) //Maintains
rows.
{
for (s=1;s<=5-i;s++) //Maintains spaces.
{
printf(" "); //Print one space.
}
for (j=1;j<=i;j++) //Maintains columns.
{
if ((i+j)%2==0)
{
printf("1 ");
}
else
printf("0 ");
}
printf("\n");
}
getch();
}
·
Write a program to read array of integers and print
it.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n[5],i;
clrscr();
for (i=0;i<=4;i++)
{
printf("Enter element Number %d: ",i+1);
scanf("%d",&n[i]);
}
for (i=0;i<=4;i++)
{
printf("\nEntered element %d is
%d",i+1,n[i]);
}
getch();
}
- Write a program that takes N numbers from user and display sum and average of it.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
int i;
float n[5],sum=0;
clrscr();
for (i=0;i<=4;i++)
{
printf("Enter element number %d: ",i+1);
scanf("%f",&n[i]);
sum=sum+n[i];
}
printf("\nThe sum is %.2f",sum);
printf("\nThe average is %.2f",sum/5);
getch();
}
·
Write a program to find the occurrence of a given
numbering an array of 10 elements.
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[10],n,i,p,count=0;
clrscr();
printf("\n Enter the size of array: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\n Enter the elements: \n");
for (i=0;i<n;i++)
{
scanf("\n%d",&a[i]);
}
printf("\nEnter the element to be searched: ");
scanf("\n%d",&p);
for (i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if (p==a[i])
{
count++;
}
}
printf("\n %d exists %d times in the array.",p,count);
getch();
}
- Write a program to add two matrices.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int m, n, c, d, first[10][10],
second[10][10], sum[10][10];
printf("Enter the number of
rows and columns of matrix\n");
scanf("%d%d", &m,
&n);
printf("Enter the elements of
first matrix\n");
for (c = 0; c < m; c++)
for (d = 0; d
< n; d++)
scanf("%d", &first[c][d]);
printf("Enter the elements of
second matrix\n");
for (c = 0; c < m; c++)
for (d = 0 ; d
< n; d++)
scanf("%d", &second[c][d]);
printf("Sum of entered
matrices:-\n");
for (c = 0; c < m; c++) {
for (d = 0 ; d
< n; d++) {
sum[c][d] = first[c][d] + second[c][d];
printf("%d\t", sum[c][d]);
}
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}
- Write a program of matrix multiplication of two matrices.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a[10][10], b[10][10],
mult[10][10], r1, c1, r2, c2, i, j, k;
printf("Enter rows and
column for first matrix: ");
scanf("%d%d",
&r1, &c1);
printf("Enter rows and
column for second matrix: ");
scanf("%d%d",&r2, &c2);
/* If colum of first matrix in not equal to row
of second matrix, asking user to enter the size of matrix again. */
while (c1!=r2)
{
printf("Error! column of first matrix not equal to row of
second.\n\n");
printf("Enter rows and column for first matrix: ");
scanf("%d%d", &r1, &c1);
printf("Enter rows and column for second matrix: ");
scanf("%d%d",&r2, &c2);
}
/* Storing elements of first matrix. */
printf("\nEnter elements
of matrix 1:\n");
for(i=0; i<r1; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c1; ++j)
{
printf("Enter elements a%d%d: ",i+1,j+1);
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
/* Storing elements of second matrix. */
printf("\nEnter elements
of matrix 2:\n");
for(i=0; i<r2; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c2; ++j)
{
printf("Enter elements b%d%d: ",i+1,j+1);
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
}
/* Initializing elements of matrix mult to 0.*/
for(i=0; i<r1; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c2; ++j)
{
mult[i][j]=0;
}
/* Multiplying matrix a and b and storing in
array mult. */
for(i=0; i<r1; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c2; ++j)
for(k=0; k<c1; ++k)
{
mult[i][j]+=a[i][k]*b[k][j];
}
/* Displaying the multiplication of two matrix.
*/
printf("\nOutput
Matrix:\n");
for(i=0; i<r1; ++i)
for(j=0; j<c2; ++j)
{
printf("%d ",mult[i][j]);
if(j==c2-1)
printf("\n\n");
}
return 0;
}
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